Brilliant Disguises: November 2013

Tuesday, November 26, 2013

Shadows of a Distant, Dark Weekend, Viewed Through a Box

I’ve spent this past weekend in a time machine.

To mark the 50^th anniversary of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, CBS News made the decision to stream all four days of its 1963 live coverage over the Internet, from the moment the network broke into its normal programming Friday afternoon, to the conclusion of the day of the funeral. I managed to catch moments over each of the last four days, breaking in occasionally to watch as the day would allow. I carried with me the memory of hearing my parents talk about watching it over that long weekend.

It was said almost immediately that no single event in human history was ever experienced by mankind quite like the assassination of President Kennedy. When the television drama “Mad Men” depicted the Kennedy Assassination in its episode, “The Grown Ups,” the characters spent much of the weekend glued to their televisions, even as their own lives unravel.

One of the (many) reasons that weekend is endlessly replayed on television is that it is the first truly major event that television was able to cover adequately as it was happening. Prior to the shooting in Dallas, Americans relied on print media – newspapers and magazines – to inform them. Television was less than 20 years old as a cultural institution when the first reports came from Dealey Plaza, but the way the event unfolded on the medium was the first indication that television news “had arrived.” Reporters had acquired enough seasoning, technology had learned how to employ satellite linkups, and the event itself was tailor-made for what television was able to capture. After Dallas, events would never again be allowed to slowly percolate and mature long enough for someone behind a typewriter to craft the words. Now pictures would largely tell the story, and at the moment they unfolded.

The network that did the most to distinguish itself that day was CBS News. Its coverage did not begin auspiciously. The newsroom cameras were not turned on when news broke shortly after 12:30 p.m. from Dallas. It took about 20 minutes, once the cameras were turned on, for them to begin transmitting a picture. And so Walter Cronkite was forced to read the news from a radio booth over a title card reading “CBS News Bulletin.” The network broke into the popular soap opera “As The World Turns” to begin its coverage.

At first, all Cronkite had to rely on were the initial Associated Press and United Press International bulletins from the scene. In Dallas, UPI’s Merriman Smith dictated an item to the wire service over a press pool car phone – “Three shots were fired today at President Kennedy’s motorcade in downtown Dallas.” – just as the press car was pulling into Parkland Memorial Hospital. It moved at 12:34 p.m., and within five minutes, Smith dictated a flash from the hospital – “Kennedy seriously wounded perhaps seriously perhaps fatally by assassins bullet.” His source was Clint Hill, the Secret Service agent who climbed onto the back of the president’s car following the shots. “He’s dead,” Hill said, but Smith hedged his words, waiting for official confirmation.

Cronkite’s first bulletin went on the air at 12:40 p.m. For the next 20 minutes, CBS waited for the cameras to become ready while Cronkite continued to gather details from the wires. Only a few seconds into his broadcast, Cronkite relayed the news that Kennedy’s wounds “could be fatal.”

Journalism at its best is the transmission of objective truth about a particular event, person or time. At its worst, it is the spreading of unverified speculation or invention for notoriety’s sake. It is now possible, 50 years after the fact, to see that some of the theories that came about regarding the death of President Kennedy began in the first white hot moments after. Television made the assassination a communal event, uniting the nation in consuming the facts of the moment, raw and unnerving as it was. Not everyone grieved, but a great majority did, and all were spellbound by what a character in Oliver Stone’s JFK would call “the epic splendor” of an event that was “thought-numbing.”

In those first few moments, Cronkite – as well as his colleagues and rivals at NBC and ABC – struggled to make sense of a story when news crews still relied largely on motion picture film shot live and then developed to be shown later. Live television broadcasts were possible, but the technology was still in its infancy. The funeral of JFK, as well as the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald two days later, would be broadcast as they happened, but the hardware necessary to do so was not yet in place in Dallas that afternoon, except when the networks, using local affiliates, went to the Dallas Trade Mart to show the banquet hall where the president had been expected to speak.

And since most of those voices were in New York or Washington, they occasionally would repeat information that was speculative based on fragments from the scene. For example, early reports were that, as the shots rang out in Dealey Plaza, policeman began running up the hill that Cronkite first referred to as “the Grassy Knoll.” A man and a woman crouched on the hill when they heard gunfire and police ran past them. These facts were reported, but they were later construed to mean that the police believed a man and a woman on the knoll had shot Kennedy, and had subsequently been arrested. Eddie Barker, a Dallas newsman, later reported this as a man and a woman on the ledge of a building near the triple underpass at the plaza as being responsible. Cronkite, to his credit, simply said it was not known at the time positively if the shots came from that area.

There were also early reports that a Secret Service agent had been killed at the scene as well. This was later reported as being confirmed by the Dallas Police. The record was corrected several hours later, but by that time, it was reported that Oswald had shot and killed a policeman in the Texas Theatre as he was being arrested. These jumbled bulletins gave the impression of a much larger, more chaotic story unfolding in the wake of the president’s death. And as is true today, a segment of the population will always believe the first news they hear from any event, accepting it as somehow more authentic than later, more clarifying information, that they assume is somehow an official, dishonestly arrived-at version invented to obscure or create an artificial narrative.

In the first few minutes, it was also reported that Vice President Lyndon Johnson was perhaps wounded, based on eyewitness accounts that he came into the hospital walking and holding his arm. This, though, turned out to be Johnson’s reaction once he was let out of the car after one of his Secret Service detail had used his own body to shield the Vice President’s.

There were also various reports on other networks of the shooter being, perhaps, a 25-year-old man, a 30-year-old, “a Negro,” or two men. Later reports, as the days unfolded, had speculation that Oswald had perhaps shot Texas Gov. John Connally because of frustration over his discharge from the Marine Corps, as Connally had formerly been Secretary of the Navy. There were many other instances of this.

As an observer, it took a little while to get used to the cadences of television from that era. As I mentioned earlier, in 1963 news footage that wasn’t live was largely being shot on motion picture film without sound. When edited and shown later, it was common for studio personalities to either comment over the pictures, describing what the audience was seeing, or to read some kind of description or essay. There were also long stretches during the televised coverage when there was no commentary at all. This was more in evidence during the funeral portions of the coverage. Being used to modern television, where dead air is anathema, I was occasionally heartened not to have a voice superimposed over the action, telling me how I should feel about it. There were other times when I couldn’t help but long for such a voice.

But I find myself a little disappointed now that the four days are over. At times, I would see the television news personalities and reporters that would have been familiar to viewers in 1963 and I wondered about their individual stories – not just in relation to the Kennedy assassination but beyond television and their careers. I wondered about the faces of people who watched the caisson roll down Pennsylvania Avenue to the sound of those relentless muffled drums, old and young, male and female. What unfolded in their lives beyond that weekend? Of course, I know what happened to the nation, but how did they individually go on with their lives. Was this just a momentary brush with history, or did it have some kind of lasting effect on them individually? In the chilly air outside the Capitol, the masses that shuffled in spellbound lines to catch a glimpse of the flag-drapped coffin lived in an America that did not know yet that the Beatles existed, where Richard Nixon’s political career was considered over, and the idea of a black man ever being elected President seemed as distant as a phone you could carry in your pocket.

L.P. Hartley’s famous observation – “The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there…” - came home to me several times watching television from 50 years ago. A studio full of newsmen discussing the biggest story of their lives and interviewing the leading newsmakers of the day, with all of them puffing away on cigarettes, sometimes gave me the feeling of watching a newscast given in a bar. The faces reading the news – and interviewed in gathering the news – were almost always white and male. One of the most poignant images was a black worker weeping at the Dallas luncheon Kennedy never arrived at. When a camera recorded the reaction of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., there was a sense from the report that all of black America had been heard from and no further interview was necessary from that segment of the population.

It was a different, more informal time, as well. There was a telling moment when Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby in the basement of the Dallas Police headquarters. The room is full of newsmen from all over the world, and television cameras carrying the action live. CBS relied on the local affiliate for coverage, and switched to Dallas at the moment just after Oswald was shot. Police begin scuffling with Ruby while Oswald is shuffled to another part of the building and an ambulance is called. Reporters begin interviewing each other and any policeman they can find who will confirm what happened or describe the action. The press of humanity becomes so great that several times, reporters have to shoved out of the way of the television camera so they don’t obscure the action. But then, police come back into the basement to cordon off the area and allow the ambulance through. A policeman stands right in front of the camera, his gun visible in its holster hanging at his side. One sees a hand not belonging to the cop precariously close to his gun. (Remember, just five minutes before, the suspect in the town’s biggest murder had just been gunned down in a room full of policemen.) From another side, comes another hand, belonging to a reporter, brushing up against the gun and asking the policeman to squat down so the camera can record the action. The policeman, in deference to the reporter, and in an act which would never be repeated by any policeman today, obliges.

Probably most distressing was the level of discourse. The pictures may have been in black and white, but the word choices were kaleidoscopic. There was a much higher level of nuance in conversation, and a sense in the reporting that great events were passing before the eyes of those describing them, and therefore, great words should be given. This wasn’t always the case, but there was serious, visible effort. Where now there would be allusions to movies and a familiar bank of well-worn pop culture catchphrases, half a century ago newsmen drew on great literature, which was both familiar to them and their audience. For at least two nights, CBS closed with concerts of classical music conducted by Leonard Bernstein, something that would be unthinkable on any network today save public television. There was a sense of civic responsibility in the reporting, the coverage, and the tone of the weekend, a sensibility that today would be ridiculed or questioned for either being too partisan or not partisan enough. The air wasn’t thick with the unmistakable aroma of snark that seems to infect every crevice of our conversation.

I do not for a moment mean to suggest that when John F. Kennedy was killed half a century ago that our nation forgot how to talk to itself, or that something passed from the world that will never again fill the air. I don’t believe that to be the truth at all, and in any case, it would take more than one singular event to do so. The history of the sixties and after can provide enough clues. But I would suggest that if we stayed with that broadcast beyond the four days, we might see in the years that followed what the pictures coming from that box had to do in shaping the world we inherited, and we might mourn the passing of something larger than one human life, no matter how great.

Set Your Fields on Fire

The award-winning novel by William Thornton

Available now

Read the first chapter here

Some of the coverage of "Set Your Fields on Fire"

You can order "Set Your Fields on Fire"for $14.99 through Amazon here.

It's also available on Kindle at $3.99 through Amazon here.
Read an interview I did with AL.com on the book here.
Here's my appearance on the Charisma Network's CPOP Podcast.
Here's an interview I did with The Anniston Star on the book.
Shattered Magazine wrote a story about the book here.
The Alabama Baptist wrote about the book here.
This piece appeared in the Marietta (Ga.) Daily Journal.
Here's the write-up from The Birmingham Times.
Read a story for Village Living here.
This story appeared in The Trussville Tribune and this video.

Here's my appearance on East Alabama Today.
Story and video from WBRC Fox6 here.
Here's the write-up in The Gadsden Times on the book.
Read a piece I wrote for WestBow Press about writing the book here.
A piece about some inspiring works for me.

This is another interview with the fleegan book blog here.

Read a piece I did for WestBow Press about writing the book here.
Read another interview with the fleegan book blog here.

Wednesday, November 20, 2013

Oliver Stone's 'JFK': The Truth Will Set You Free

As the 50^th anniversary of the assassination of John F. Kennedy approaches, a Gallup poll found 61 percent of the American public believes someone besides Lee Harvey Oswald was involved in the killing of the president. This is the lowest number in decades, as the percentage was some 20 percent higher more than a decade ago. That shrinking number perhaps represents a kind of victory, considering it is in the era of the Internet, a veritable incubator for amateur historians and speculative theorists. Or it could be reflective of a number of issues – the natural skepticism of the public toward government and the media, the fading memory of an America largely born after the event, or the succession of 9/11 as the prime touchstone for conspiracy theories of this age.

But 20 years ago, speculation on the Kennedy assassination reached a fever pitch in the popular culture with the release of what many consider Oliver Stone’s greatest movie, “JFK.” It inspired a generation of media devoted to the idea that the American government was involved simultaneously in vast enterprises of skullduggery and equally vast enterprises to cover up those same activities. The truth or falsity of the film’s content is not the point – “JFK” is worth watching even now simply because it is an excellent film, managing to entertain even as it tries to persuade. It has been called everything from treasonous to fantastical, but it endures after repeated viewings, not only for what it says, but how it says it.

“JFK” begins with a prologue – Eisenhower’s farewell address, which introduced “the military-industrial complex” into the American lexicon. That is immediately followed by a brief recounting of the Kennedy Administration, narrated by Hollywood’s faux-Kennedy, Martin Sheen. The parade of stock footage, news reel and television images recount the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the beginnings of the Vietnam conflict. These images cast Kennedy as a glamorous, young, vital leader who was slowly moving toward peace and away from conflict.

By the time we get to November 1963 and Dallas, Stone intercuts with a woman warning of the assassination in a hospital, along with a man suffering an epileptic seizure just prior to Kennedy’s arrival in the motorcade. These are moments filmed for the movie, but they are cut among the authentic past footage in such a way that we don’t notice it at first. The drums, the music, prepare us for the moment we know is about to arrive – yet we do not see it. The screen goes blank, we hear a gunshot, and then the immediate aftermath. This is a crucial decision. Stone has wisely understood that the story he is telling is a mystery, and it should be dramatized as such. Without showing anything, he has, in effect, wiped the slate clean of what we think may have happened in Dallas.

We then meet the New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, played by Kevin Costner, sitting in his office, unaware of what is happening in Texas until one of his deputies comes in to inform him. From this moment, Stone does what William Manchester’s “The Death of a President” did – it puts the viewer in the skin of someone who lived through Nov. 22, 1963. Garrison goes to a bar to watch television coverage, and learns along with a room full of strangers – his countrymen – that the president is dead. Tears follow, but so do cheers. “God, I’m ashamed to be an American today,” Garrison says, summing up the disgust felt by many -not only Kennedy’s admirers but those who were shocked that the President could be murdered.

But the images do not stop on the television. Eyewitness accounts from Dealey Plaza vary as to where the shots came from – the Texas School Book Depository, or the picket fence above the grassy knoll? The bar learns of Oswald’s arrest for J.D. Tippit’s murder and we see Oswald dragged from the Texas Theatre. Is it just me, or does the first appearance seek to make Oswald look sympathetic? We hear him audibly scream with pain when shoved into a police car, and we see him “emphatically deny” any charges. When Garrison learns that Oswald spent the summer in New Orleans, he begins to track the man’s movements and comes into contact with David Ferrie (Joe Pesci). As JFK’s funeral – and the shooting of Oswald play out in the background – the feeling is spooky. There is the nagging sense that something else is going on that can’t quite be pinned down – which is what anyone who experienced those four days felt.

A conspiracy theory – indeed, any theory – is concerned with obtaining truth. But the conspiracy theory is special in that it proclaims itself as a truth distinct from a more widespread or accepted set of facts. It usually concerns itself with “the real” reasons behind specific events, or the “real” perpetrators. It gives its believers a certain standing, in that they are the only ones who “know what really happened.” They see events as they truly are, not like the rest of the world which has accepted a lie. There is something much like religion going on emotionally with the people who accept the theory – the “true” believers. To themselves, they perceive reality at a higher, more authentic level. And in the case of the Kennedy assassination, it also gives the believers a task, a quest to resolve the crime and find the person or persons responsible. My aim in stating this is not to dismiss conspiracy theorists, but it must be understood that people are oftentimes emotionally invested in the facts they embrace, as well as the facts they choose to shun. As Manchester observed, there is an emotional reason to believe that someone besides “the wretched waif Oswald” killed Kennedy. And because Oliver Stone is working in film, he understands the emotional needs of his audience.

With the appearance of Ferrie, we see Stone’s gifts as a filmmaker. As Garrison questions him, Ferrie begins to descend into obvious fabrication. How do we know it’s fabrication? Because even as Ferrie spins his stories, we see short bursts of film, intercut into the scene with sound effects to undermine his words. By the time Garrison informs him he is being held for further questioning - because his story is “simply not believable,” we laugh at Ferrie’s response: “Really? What part?” Stone has managed, in just a few minutes, to make us laugh and reinforce his core message – that no one can be trusted to know, or tell, the truth about the murder. It is that nagging sense of something wrong that is the reason that “JFK” is, as it was billed on release in 1991, “the story that won’t go away.” It is also why Garrison, after wading through the 26 volumes of the Warren Commission Report, takes up an investigation into the case years after the fact.

Stone’s intercut images also establish a pattern – as the movie unfolds, we will see recreations of events in the lives of Oswald, Ruby, Ferrie, and others, as well as the assassination recounted – though never totally until the end. Through the use of black and white footage, aged color footage to resemble home movies, and other different stock photography, we are being enticed into the illusion that we are seeing these things as they really happened. This is helped along by the familiar faces we see in cameo – Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon, Ed Asner, Gary Oldman, Tommy Lee Jones, John Candy, Kevin Bacon and others.

But the other gift Stone displays is the ability to throw an unreal amount of information at the viewer and still keep the story moving and the characters interesting without any confusion. Consider – during the course of “JFK,” we are introduced to several conspiracy theories involving Oswald, Ruby, Ferrie, Guy Bannister, Clay Shaw, the CIA, the Mafia and the military, and we are also enticed to follow the career of Jim Garrison and his staff. Yet over the course of three hours, the story never bogs down in the minutiae of the theories because the pace never slackens. The movie is briskly edited, and Stone’s script manages to pass along his “facts” in only a few seconds. If there is confusion, it plays into the movie’s central thesis of conflicting narratives, shadowy motives and unsure information – “We are through the looking glass here, people. White is black, and black is white.”

For example, take the character of Lee Harvey Oswald. For much of the movie, Oswald is a chess piece. We see him in the homosexual underworld of New Orleans, passing out pro-Castro leaflets, haunting the anti-Communist Bannister’s office and Jack Ruby’s night club, defecting to the Soviet Union, living alone, associating with others, loving and beating his wife, holding his baby (with Garrison smiling as he considers it), acting as both hero and villain. We see his face superimposed into a created photograph as Garrison spins a theory that Oswald was an intelligence agent, possibly framed with Kennedy’s death. Stone even filmed a scene that was later cut from Garrison’s courtroom summation where the “ghost” of Oswald testifies to his innocence. There is no attempt to reconcile these conflicting Oswalds, because they match up with the words of David Ferrie – “Everybody’s flippin’ sides all the time. It’s fun ‘n’ games, man! Fun ‘ n’ games! …There’s more to this than you can dream!”

Even as the story goes forward, and Garrison makes a pilgrimage to Dealey Plaza, we are confronted with the eyewitnesses to the assassination, but not the event itself. Stone does not tell us that Jean Hill’s story has changed many times after 1963, or that her timeline of questioning can’t be based in reality. He shows us Garrison flinching at the picket fence on the Knoll, and the running figure of Jack Ruby through the Plaza. We still do not see the moment of the killing, except in bursts of a second or two. We are not yet true believers. The genius of the movie is that it slowly nudges us in that direction.

It is after the death of David Ferrie that Garrison travels to Washington, and Stone introduces us to the character of X, played by Donald Sutherland. X is the witness – the voice from the abyss who tells the audience that their suspicions are not crazy. X gives the Cold War background of the CIA – “We were good. Very good.” Then as things begin to go badly, with the implication that some dark shadow has descended on American ideals, he recounts how Kennedy was beginning to withdraw troops tentatively from Vietnam.

This is the sermon portion of the movie – where we are reintroduced to the idea from the opening – that the military-industrial complex has too much power in the United States and has warped the soul of the country, as best depicted in the nation’s entanglement in Vietnam. In many ways, “JFK” is the movie that sums up the Baby Boomer generation – there is an optimism in the idea of America, but the abiding belief that its greatness is an illusion perpetuated by sleeping believers and propped up by evil, ruthless men who will kill to preserve their power. There is no attempt to explain why a conspiracy exists to continue a war in Vietnam except greed in selling weapons, and the presumed endless need of the military to seek out an enemy who must be destroyed. In the years since “JFK,” one might legitimately ask why similar assassinations did not happen when bases were closed and the military was downsized following the end of the Cold War. But by the time X is finished, we want to believe in something terrible hatching in a smoke-filled room amongst dimly-lit generals and bureaucrats, something “as old as the Crucifixion.”

Garrison leaves Washington, after a pilgrimage to Kennedy’s grave at Arlington, and we are not surprised when he is ridiculed and followed, lampooned and potentially set up because we feel he is close to the truth, whatever that truth may be. When a fatigued Garrison argues with his wife over news coverage of Martin Luther King’s assassination, or wakes her to tell her that Bobby Kennedy is dead, we are not surprised. It only reaffirms what we have already been told – the other side will stop at nothing.

By all accounts, Garrison’s trial against Clay Shaw was a joke. But Stone isn’t documenting that trial as much as he is putting the Warren Commission’s theory of the Kennedy Assassination on trial. It’s during the courtroom scenes that he finally reveals the moment of the shooting – his theory of the case. He begins by showing the Zapruder film, which at that time still had not been widely seen. Using the actual footage, Stone then recreates his version of the shooting. Oswald is never seen – but instead Stone and Garrison theorize three teams with a triangulation of fire. To do that, they have to take apart the “Magic Bullet” theory. What’s interesting is that Stone does not use a recreation shot for this, but a courtroom approximation – an approximation which does not account for the presidential limousine’s jump seats or the angles at which Kennedy and Connally were seated. To do so would have undermined his theory. Instead, it allows him to pick apart the Warren Commission findings as invented. When it comes time to present his own theory, we finally see a recreation – which makes it “real” for us.

The “reality” comes when we are taken to Parkland Hospital to see the emergency room treating Kennedy, followed by a recreation of the Kennedy autopsy, which feels uncomfortably authentic. When we hear a general say that he’s in charge, we are ready for Stone to reveal to us what really happened. We don’t laugh when Garrison says, “Let’s just for a moment speculate, shall we?” despite the fact that speculation is precisely what we have been doing for the last two hours. We see fake Dallas Policemen on the knoll, men in “Acme” suits in the sixth floor, and men with rifles in another building. (It’s interesting that the rifle teams are racially diverse, by the way.) Then Garrison replays the Zapruder film to recreate the motorcade, only this time superimposing his own narration, intercut with recreated shots. When he repeats that Kennedy’s head goes “back, and to the left,” we are being invited to believe this because it is crucial that we believe the shot came from the knoll. A shot from the front means a conspiracy. (The official explanation is that Kennedy’s head snaps back because of the force of the bullet striking his head from the rear right, causing a whiplash effect.)

But the motorcade is not the end of the story, because Stone must now account for Oswald. His actions immediately after the shooting are recreated, including the murder of Tippit. But he also recreates competing theories, sowing enough doubt about his guilt here (and there is more than enough guilt linking Oswald to this crime) that when we again see Oswald carried from the Texas Theatre, we might just believe he is a sympathetic figure, framed for the crime so the real gunmen will safely get away. Mournful music plays once Ruby shoots him, and Stone gives us close ups on the seemingly unfazed faces of Dallas policemen, cigarettes dangling from their lips, who seal his doom.

Despite all of Garrison’s eloquence, we know his case will fail. But we don’t care by this time, because by now, we know the truth. Though Stone’s movie was meant to inspire people to look for their own answers, what it instead inspires is a false sense of information, a sense that we have suddenly been given access to privileged facts, and that, in knowing the truth, we have now been set free.